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Tag Archives: Morality

Moral Inclusivity Versus Inclusivity

13 Thursday Apr 2023

Posted by Prime Theologian in Morality

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culture war, inclusivity, Morality, society

The fundamental aspect of a “moral worldview,” to say nothing of an avowed “biblical worldview,” is differentiation with implied or explicit “good” being on one side of the divide and “evil” being on that other side of that divide. Perhaps it is considered a careful and tempered starting point to speak to the masses in terms of morality rather than divine commands, but I am ambivalent about this. The justification for speaking to them in terms of morality is that it gets that pesky “religion” aspect out of the way, often implying that religion inserts unneeded divisiveness.

Leading scholars, however, among ethicists of the non-religious sort understand that there must be some immutable ground outside the vicissitudes of this world for mores to have any chance of being ascribed “objectivity.” This has led to some scholars looking to a reawakening of a neo-platonic ideals, “the good, the true, and the beautiful” as a way to have that abstract, immutable ground for such objective morality. Careful thought about “ideals” reveals that “ideals” have no will, no intent to do anything. Without intent or will, ideals are, if real at all, immovable “abstracts” that can do nothing and influence our world in no way.

The point: only persons can “intend” or “will” anything.

Objective morality, therefore, must issue from a person. If morality is to be objective, it must come to humanity from the “outside” or beyond this world: its source must be transcendent. Only a transcendent person can “intend” to have morality come into this world from a realm or “abstract dimension” beyond. All attempts to craft a so-called ‘objective morality’ without a person at its source will fail. Such a conclusion leads to only two other options: (1) morality is not objective and morality is whatever humans want to make it or (2) there is a transcendent person who has communicated moral duties, obligations, and virtues.

Ergo, there is no “the universe” or “force” or anything else impersonal setting a moral standard by which humanity is judged. The question is which person is determining the moral framework humans should adopt and follow. The vaunted ‘inclusivity’ pushed through every major avenue—corporations, news media, universities, and churches—implies some person out there emphasizing its importance. Which person is it? Is it a transcendent person or is it a this-worldly person? If it is someone in this world, then their point of view is subjectively biased; if it is someone in this world, morality is whatever this person determines. From this point of view, the quest for controlling the morality of this world is to control more of the influence mechanisms than anyone else. Enter corporations, news media, universities, and churches.

The basic morality of ‘inclusivity’ is that everyone should be included simply based on his/her existence. Differences do not matter. Historically, societies follow what is called ‘moral inclusivity.’ A test to find out if someone is a disciple of ‘moral inclusivity’ versus ‘inclusivity’ is to affirm some moral standard by which a person should be excluded. If Martin Luther King Jr. 60 years ago culturally established that demographic differences should not be penalized in society but only moral ones—a man should be judged based on his character—why then this ‘inclusivity’ messaging? Pay attention to the positive side of the ‘inclusivity’ messaging too, likely started with “affirmative action.” If high performance, showing someone to be dedicated, hard-working, disciplined, and consistent (moral qualities) is not how ‘inclusivity’ judges someone’s advancement in society (or job, or what have you), then we have another tell-tell sign. This type of ‘inclusivity’ discards ‘moral inclusivity’ and replaces it with an ‘inclusivity’ based on what exactly? To know this, we would need to find the this-worldly person or persons and ask them. To return to what I said earlier, we can at least say that this ‘inclusivity’ includes someone simply because he or she exists. The only real transgression I can see in this system from those pushing the inclusivity cultural messaging is to disagree with its ‘inclusivity’ mandate, at least that is what they want us to think. If you do, you are the moral monster, or “canceled.”

Insidious indeed is the ‘inclusivity’ messaging because of how much it borrows from the precept that all persons deserve dignity because they are made in the Image of God. Its persuasive power thrives on the ambiguity of the phrase “deserve dignity.” What else is obvious is that those pushing the “inclusivity” messaging have no foundation if this touted ‘inclusivity’ is based on a concept like the Imago Dei. Perhaps more embarrassing is that Christians fall into this messaging’s influence while being blind to the clear confusion between “giving dignity” and “excellence.” I’ve touch on a few different ideas in this paragraph that need more unpacking.

My claim that the inclusivity messaging borrows from the doctrine of the Image of God asks the question of what gives each individual human dignity? A more calculated way of asking might go like this: what ascribes dignity to each individual person that is not subject to the vicissitudes of the times and culture?

If the foundation of the claim, “Each person has dignity,” comes from within this world, this claim is fashioned, constituted, or formed within the various relativities within this world.

We then go further and postulate how this dignity is constituted from within the world. What would be the force, entity, or controlling party, deciding that persons have dignity and in what way and to what degree? We come face to face with a very uncomfortable destination; would not this group also have to decide what is entailed in the word ‘dignity?’ Many Westerners, even of the conservative flavor, fail to know the controlling pressure the Bible has on all its culture. The idea that every single person can say, “I exist,” and therefore should be treated as having inherent value, is pulled from the transcendent value provided by the doctrine of the Imago Dei. If the Bible does not define ‘dignity’ and how ‘dignity’ should be played out in the world, then who will decide this? I believe the obvious answer is whoever controls the bulk of social media messaging. Who are those people? What are their morals? Do they believe in dignity? Does much in the media realm, digital world, or capitalist corporations suggest they put a high premium on human dignity? I need not answer the question of how ‘dignity’ constructed within this world could somehow take on immutable status: indeed I am incredulous towards such happening. That job is for those who wish to defend it. My contention is simply that the entire notion of ‘inclusivity’ is based on the idea that each person has inherent value. Further, I contend that ‘inclusivity’ as peddled in Western society now (2023) confuses dignity with excellence. The boat has been unmoored from its historic dock, and now floats adrift.

Hopefully we have pulled back the curtain a bit on what is happening. “Inclusivity” as it is sold borrows from the historic doctrine of the Imago Dei, but those pushing “inclusivity” intend to establish a new morality to replace the historic one built around the Imago Dei, even as it is restated in the United States’ Declaration of Independence: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal and endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights . . . .” Why do I allege that “inclusivity” as peddled is a new morality? Advancement in society, on teams, in work, etc., has historically occurred due to what we might term ‘moral meritocracy.’ This advancement happens when someone follows the rules of the moral meritocracy, and we talk about that colloquially as “he/she is a success” or “she/he is excellent.” Unfortunately, Westerns often confuse “accumulation of material (money, wealth)” with the notion of success or excellence. Westerns rightly understand “freedom” as the goal of life, but how they think they can have it is wrong: they suppose money/wealth brings freedom. I am digressing on this matter, so let’s return to the argument. Moral meritocracy is built on (1) following commandments of morality roughly sketched out in the Bible, and (2) consistently living with discipline (hard work, self-control, patience, regularity, dedication, loyalty). The first, (1), provides the basis for someone to get and remain on the playing field. The second, (2), is the fuel of someone’s advancement to become a success or excellent.

Those who have written extensively on these matters often state that a free and fair society provides a citizen “with the opportunity for success,” it does not guarantee that success or ensure a certain “successful outcome.” What establishes a citizen’s success is “self-determination” or “self-constructed destiny.” Simply put, a free and fair society provides equality of opportunity, but discriminates outcomes based on some set of rules. I’ve argued in the last paragraph that these rules used to be “moral meritocracy.” What is the new set of rules associated with “inclusivity?” Although “wokism” is amorphous when trying to speak about it in a summary sort of way, we will call the new set of rules “wokism” in terms of our analysis of what is replacing (1) and (2) as discussed in the last paragraph.

We are in danger of inaccurately describing Western society as already having displaced (1) and (2), so let’s qualify the discussion hereafter by noting that we are presently in the transition period. We do not know the outcome of this “transition” period, but we do know that we are in the heat of the ideological battle that will lead towards moral meritocracy or into wokism. What’s humorous about wokism is that it is sold as “progressive” when really it is a pre-modern moral and societal structure based on pre-Christian times. I am question begging at this point, asserting what I hope to demonstrate, so let’s get into it.

Inherent value as a fundamental human right is something strange to the ancient world; Friedrich Nietzche, who was an ardent enemy of all things Christian—often ascribed responsibility for the 19th century’s Death of God movement—often bewailed how Christianity’s values displaced and annihilated the “values” of the ancient world. More specifically, Nietzche found the “will to power” and the virtues of strength, honor, valor, triumph, and domination, as praiseworthy, but Christianity, through the notion of the Almighty being sacrificed for the weakest, obliterated this “ancient world set of morals” and effectively inverted them: the weak should be protected, dishonor is not something to be avoided, triumph might only come through loss, and domination was shallowed up in love. What is perspicuous is that the ancient world’s mores were not a far cry from the norms of the animal kingdom.

Notably, this ancient world’s morality seems to be reducible to “exertion of power over another.” The general message of the Gospel, especially spelled out in Philippians, is that power is reinterpreted as “exertion to beneficially elevate another.” This is as succinct as I can make it: what morality, then, does wokism offer as a displacement for morality-as-roughly-outlined-in-the-Bible? Inclusivity distilled of any traditional morality from the Bible has what effects on society? What are the rules of the playing field (the field being US society)? If it is not some morality built from the Bible, from what will it be built? If being excluded from society has been based on some strong set of sexual restrictions, familial fidelity, and the 10 commandments, what are we left with if we remove those as the rules of the playing field? What formative effects does the 10 commandments have on society? They dictate that God should be at the center and centrally important; they uphold some measure of labor laws from people being overworked in the society; they elevate the importance of continuous family integrity; they fight against the destabilizing effects of murder, covetousness, deceit, and theft; lastly but importantly, they establish the critical mindset of ascribing sacred space and a place to practice holiness.

There is a final feature of the cultural war between traditional moral inclusivity and this so-called new woke inclusivity that I’ve left unstated but implied. Namely, the unwritten rules are built from persons’ behaviors and not what they say. What woke inclusivity claims and says is that every person should be accepted in the same measure regardless of traditional moral norms—this relies on the premise that each person has dignity because of being made in the image of God. What woke inclusivity does and how it behaves is to shame, ostracize, exclude, and punish those who believe in traditional moral norms as an adjudicator of societal acceptance. We are now ready to conclude this little jaunt through the US culture war.

Woke inclusivity displaces traditional moral inclusivity with a feigned moral agnosticism built on the back of excluding those who disagree with the woke ideological matrix. Wokism as cast in terms of social justice in America castigates those who disagree with those practicing sexual deviance (this is one category, but it is arguably the most important). Describing any sexual behavior as “sexual deviance” is disallowed too in wokism: even the pedophiles are being pushed as “minor attracted persons.” All culture war grows from terminology change, we must not forget. Wokism feigns its stance as “accept everyone” to attempt to look morally neutral (or agnostic) when really Wokism advances and celebrates sexual deviance.  Therefore, it is not that woke inclusivity intends to accept everyone; woke inclusivity is trying to set up a moral framework where sexual deviance is the “new moral norm” and where this “new moral norm” punishes those who hold to traditional values—i.e., cancel culture.

Moral Apologetics: Baggett and Walls answer the Euthyphro Dilemma

26 Sunday Oct 2014

Posted by Prime Theologian in Apologetics, Baggett and Walls, Good God, Moral Apologetics, Morality

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Apologetics, Ethics, Good, Good God, moral argument, Moral obligation, Morality, Theism

The Philosopher David Baggett, known for his acute philosophical observations, together with Jerry Walls, who is widely known for his work on the doctrine of hell, have come together to produce a crucial book on morality, theism, and naturalism, published by Oxford University Press. Good God, The Theistic Foundations of Morality is as apt as it is concise, and strikingly accessible for anyone interested on the topic — I provide links at the end to this book. In what follows, I will state and unpack the Euthphyro Dilemma, then I summarize Baggett and Walls’ seven essential distinctions they use to answer the Dilemma.

The Euthphyro Dilemma: “Is something moral because God commands it or does God command something because it is moral.” There are many issues involved in the Dilemma, but let’s just note one as an example. If, on the one hand, what God commands is moral, then conscience seems superfluous; if, on the other hand, God commands something because it is moral, then we can rely on our conscience and dispense with the divine Lawgiver. Baggett and Walls explain many difficulties that the Dilemma produces, yet they find a way to answer it by their seven distinctions:

1) Too often persons think merely in terms of definitions. They rush to give a definition of goodness. Those who believe in God will often hold that “God is the good.” Although this isn’t bad, it also isn’t the only way to approach the idea of goodness. Instead, we can analyze goodness, that is, look at the inner logic of goodness we see all about us so as to understand what goodness must be “made up of.” This is what Baggett and Walls call the distinction between definition and analysis, encouraging their readers to consider  what goodness is from the analysis perspective.

2) Morality must be broken up into a number of parts to understand its full dimensionality. There are certain moral activities that we are required to do or not to do: in short, we are obligated. Baggett and Walls refer to these as matters of rightness and wrongness. There are other moral activities that may be good, going above and beyond, or more than one’s duty. These are “good” although they are not obligatory; similarly, failing to do some action may have a certain degree of evil even though it is permissible. Baggett and Walls distinguish those actions that are right/wrong from the good/evil in this way.

3) Knowing enough about morality to perform moral actions is not giving an account of where the moral framework came from. To know and practice morality is one thing, and giving an account of its existence quite another. Baggett and Walls call this the distinction between epistemology (knowing) and ontology (existence).

4) Holding God to be good must be if we are going to use morality to argue for God. There are certain things God has commanded, and perhaps today ordains, that are difficult to reconcile with the claim that God is good. To say that this reconciliation is difficult, however, is not to say that it is impossible. Baggett and Walls distinguish between the difficult and impossible in this way.

5) This distinction is perhaps the most difficult to explain in an accessible way: univocation versus equivocation. To speak of God’s goodness is difficult because God’s goodness is obviously “higher than” humanity’s goodness. We cannot say that God’s goodness is merely equivalent or equal to human goodness: this would be univocation and is essentially idolatry, making the Creator exactly like the creatures. The other error would be to say that God’s goodness is in no way the same to humanity’s goodness: this is equivocation and would make God’s goodness totally arbitrary or unknown since we would have no way to understand it since we can only come to understand what goodness is through our experience in this creation as creatures. This leaves room for a theory of goodness based on analogy; John Duns Scotus is perhaps the most refined development in explaining how God’s goodness (Scotus says “perfections”) is analogous to creation’s goodness. Simply, God’s goodness shares a common meaning with creation’s goodness, and also infinitely exceeds it. On the one hand, God’s goodness is plainly the same as creation, but, on the other hand, God’s goodness is not limited or restricted to the mere goodness of creation.

6) Baggett and Walls explain that there is an important distinction between saying that goodness depends on God’s nature and that God controls goodness. The former should be opted for according to them. Goodness is neither “above God” nor is arbitrary. God doesn’t control moral goodness by His commands because His commands are the necessary expressions of God’s inherently good nature. Therefore, we can say that God doesn’t control morality while morality is still dependent on God: moreover, morality does not become some standard autonomous from God or “above” God. God’s nature is the moral standard, and His commands are dependent representations of that nature.

7) Lastly, because we can conceive some set of awful circumstances — like God commanding us to bat babies off a building — doesn’t mean that such a circumstance is possible. If it is defensible that God is good, then conceiving God to command such a heinous thing is clearly impossible given God’s perfectly good nature. God’s attribute of goodness precludes the possibility of such a command.

Through these seven distinctions, Baggett and Walls demonstrate a way out of the Dilemma. Distinction six may the most important for answering the direct “dilemma” the Dilemma is designed to produce. Baggett and Walls designed their book to provide a foundation for Christian theistic morality, and thereby another argument for God. It would no doubt make a valuable addition to any library.

Dr. Scalise

For Baggett and Walls’ book, http://www.amazon.com/dp/B004WN4WK0

You can also find more resources by Dr. Baggett at moralapologetics.com

Theodicy, Part 1: Gregory Boyd’s Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy

20 Monday Oct 2014

Posted by Prime Theologian in Problem of Evil, Satan, Spiritual Warfare, Theodicy

≈ 7 Comments

Tags

Christianity, Freedom, god, love, Morality, Responsibility, spiritual warfare, theodicy, Trinity

I want to start with what I consider to be the most convincing theodicy, recently developed by a talented Ph. D. from Princeton Theological Seminary, Gregory Boyd. I’ve encountered no other theodicy that absolved God of moral guilt better. Let me lay out Boyd’s six theses first, and then I will unpack each a bit.

Thesis 1: Love must be chosen, Thesis 2: Freedom implies risk, Thesis 3: Risk entails moral responsibility, Thesis 4: Moral responsibility is proportionate to the potential to influence others, Thesis 5: The power to influence is irrevocable, and Thesis 6: the power to influence is finite.

Thesis 1: That love must be chosen, that is, that love requires freedom is experientially and intuitively clear; if someone forces me to love them, then morality and genuineness of that love is transformed into a matter of necessity and survival. Love, however, is about morality and relationship, not about survival and obligation.

Thesis 2: Freedom entailed in love implies risk. This is a non-compatalistic freedom framed within a future of partial possibilities and partial certainties. Non-compatalistic means that there is no coercion with God or “mysterious” freedom that God somehow controls. Moral agents are free, not controlled or coerced. It should not be missed here that traditional theology from Augustine forward (4 – 5 century c.e.) has assumed either determinism (meticulous control) by God or exhaustive definite foreknowledge. The problem with either of these is that moral responsibility with either traces back to God. I am persuaded that the Calvinists’ grounding principle is sound and forces any position of exhaustive definite foreknowledge to become determinism. The grounding principle states that there is always a necessary cause for every effect; if the effect is known by God, then the cause is guaranteed — I think Jonathan Edwards showed this in his dissertation on freewill. With this said, either simple foreknowledge (adapted Molinism, where God knows what will happen but cannot respond to it before it arrives in the present; I am unconvinced by this view) or a partial open future, where God knows all things perfectly, and so knows all possibilities, but not with certainty as to what truly free creatures will choose (non-compatabilistic). Many have confused this thesis thinking it an attack on God’s omniscience when it really is a revision of how time and the world is understood. Omniscience is about God’s knowing all things, including all possibilities (per middle knowledge), not about Him knowing what is yet non-existent like the outcomes of the choices free agents make.

Thesis 3: Risk entails moral responsibility for creatures with the capacity to love. Love itself is inherently relational, especially of the Christian worldview based on the doctrine of God the Trinity. Should God choose to create contingent agents with the ability to freely (non-compatabilitic) choose love, then such creatures have moral responsibility for how they operate as moral creatures. Thesis 3 here is intimately connected to Thesis 4, which is that these creatures’ morally responsible operation is proportionate to their potential influence. Thus a human’s moral responsibility is raised the greater their influence. For instance, a short tempered aunt can do more damage to her nieces than a friend of the family with the same temper because the aunt’s influence is greater. Because her influence is greater, so likewise is her moral responsibility. A powerful demon has greater moral responsibility because his ability to influence is greater than any human, and so forth, assuming Michael the archangel and Satan to be the two highest ranking moral contingent creatures.

Thesis 5 states that God’s giving moral agents the ability to influence is irrevocable. In other words, God does not say, “Here you go,” and then, taking it away when you step out of line, “Gotcha, you should not be doing that.” I know our philosophical naturalist friends will want to know why God sometimes intervenes then in Scripture. It is an acute question, but poses a question no creature can answer. When you walk out your front door today, and walk into a to-go mart, or what have you, why is the spacing between you and the next person in line the space that it is? Or between you and the cashier? To know the answer to this question we would need to know about sleep cycles, colds, alarm clocks, foot injuries, hang nails, and the list could go on, and not just for that day, but for many days, even months, even years before. Simply, the number of variables to calculate and explain this simple occurrence are so vast the it would require an omniscient mind. Important to note, however, is that the difficulty with the scenario is not with the mystery of God, but with the mystery or inscrutability of creation, at least to finite minds like ours. Thus for our philosophical naturalist friends to expect an answer to all the variables that goes into why or when God intervenes is unreasonable at least to the extent that they cannot explain simple events like the space between me and another person in line. Both answers require omniscience, and neither have it. Back to thesis 5, though, and we should add thesis 6 to it: freedom to influence (T5) is irrevocable, but it is also finite and limited (Thesis 6). God sets limits both in scope and time to all moral agents’ influence. Obviously, we do not have epistemic access (“know”) to these delimitations besides the rather plain exception of death. Let me go back to T5, freedom to influence: if God intervened more often than perhaps he does, then the world would no longer be a neutral environment for reality, but would become an environment charged with angst over God popping in. If this happens too much, natural laws would become regular anomalies: a frightful thought for sure. Further, if God did this often enough, the choice to be for God would become one of survival, not morality. We would choose God because it was necessary, not because we loved Him.

Let me say a few words in summary about these issues. First, since humans are free, and the future is not understood on the exhaustive definite foreknowledge or deterministic models, God does not know with certainty what a free creature will choose before he chooses it precisely because it is non-existent prior to this. Thus God’s omniscience is not threatened. God, on this model, is not responsible for making people go to hell (some forms of Calvinism; determinism) or for actualizing a world in which He knows beforehand that actualizing just that world will result in x amount of people in flames (exhaustive definite foreknowledge). The buck stops with the free moral agent’s choice because before they make that choice it is indeterminate (not-decided) what will happen. I agree with Alvin Plantinga that non-compatabilistic freedom requires significantly free creatures, that is, creatures who are influenced by foregoing causes and contemporary situations but their choices are not determined by those causes and situations. Thus, the only person ultimately responsible for his damnation is himself, not God.

Another point in Boyd’s Trinitarian Warfare Theodicy is that God’ gift of irrevocable freedom is a demonstration of God’s omnipotence, not a threat to it. God decided to give it; He was neither forced nor necessitated to give it. God’s omnipotence is illustrated by such a move, upholding its true marvel. As a Christian Theist, following Plantinga’s overtures at the end of God, Freedom, and Evil, Satan and demons constitute a real opposition to God, who can truly fight God by virtue of Boyd’s Thesis 2 (freedom implies risk) and Thesis 5 (power to influence for better or worse is irrevocable). The cosmic battle is real, not a dramatization; again, God’s power is not brought into question because He gave the gift and decided to offer the world the possibility to love (Thesis 1).

Is God’s goodness upheld through all of this? It seems to me that it is. God does not make or create people for hell, but for the possibility of fellowship with the Father, Son, and Spirit. God does not make a world knowing that certain persons will go to hell, and then actualize that world. God sometimes intervenes in evil action (as testified in Scripture), but knowing when and why is beyond the scope of any human. Given the real battle, however, between God and Satan — not in a dualistic fashion mind you — and the irrevocability of freedom to influence, real monsters, demons and devils, do influence for harm and evil on humanity, even to the opposition and interference with God’s will: as Jesus taught us to pray, “Let your will be done on earth as it is in heaven.” If God’s will were always done on earth, why would Jesus teach us to pray in this fashion? Why is a child raped? On this theodicy, because of the evil of man against man or because of the underlying — or overarching if you prefer — cosmic powers of evil, both using their irrevocable power to influence for ill. Evil then is always traced back to humans or to Satan, but never to God. Likewise, God cannot be faulted for creating a risky creation because its creation includes as much potential for good as for evil (thesis 4), and, on this theodicy, what free creatures would do is indeterminate until they do it. The possibilities of what Satan or Adam or Eve might do with the ability to love God gave them is known to God, but what they will do is up to them, their “say-so,” not God’s, and so the outcomes are non-existent (unknowable) beforehand.

Christianity’s schema of spiritual warfare allows natural evil to be traced to Satan — except for cases where God makes it known that He has caused it, like the great flood. Boyd’s treatment of natural evil is exhaustive and illuminating. A read through this section of his book is well worth the time (Chaps. 8, 9, & 10, Satan and the Problem of Evil).

Dr. Scalise

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